Arabic Terminology

SultanC treats Arabic as a first-class source and compiler language. This page is the canonical vocabulary: the Arabic spellings of keywords, types, compiler concepts and the public names of std, with their English counterparts. It is for programmers who read or write Arabic SultanC and for contributors who name new APIs.

The lexical registries under tools/generate/registry/ are authoritative for exact keyword and type spellings; this page does not introduce alternative spellings. Identifier identity folds the alef forms آ, أ and إ to ا and ignores tatweel (tools/generate/registry/identifier_policy_registry.def).

Language#

Keywords#

The program entry function is main in English and الرئيسية ("the main function") in Arabic: عرف الرئيسية(): عدد { … }.

Builtin types#

طبيعي also reads as "normal" in floating-point text, so the decimal float conversion calls the smallest normal value أصغر_عادي_عائم (compiler/msir/decimal_float_bits.sn); أصغر_طبيعي is only the std minimum of two natural numbers.

Builtin container types#

These names are contextual: they name the type only in a type or constructor position.

Propagation and runtime failures#

إنهيار is the canonical spelling of panic, with hamza under the alef; انهيار written without hamza names the same identifier. It is a std function on top of the std process exit, as اخرج / exit is, not a compiler primitive or a lexical token; the compiler knows it never returns (see Errors). The hidden names of the compiler's expansions (انتشار__N…, نقطة_دخول__…) are ordinary identifiers with a reserved prefix that no source declares.

Renamed spellings#

Some Arabic spellings were renamed because the old word did not mean the concept. Except for the entry function, the old spelling remains accepted as a deprecated alias. It compiles exactly as the new spelling, and the self-hosted compiler reports one warning per use, SULTANC-SYNTAX-DEPRECATED-SPELLING, naming the old and the new spelling (Stage0 accepts the old spelling silently). English spellings never change.

The deprecated keyword spellings are rows of tools/generate/registry/token_registry.def (SULTANC__KEYWORD_DEPRECATED__), the deprecated contextual type spellings rows of tools/generate/registry/type_registry.def (SULTANC__TYPE_CONTEXTUAL_DEPRECATED__); the Option constructor spellings are matched in compiler/frontend/types/type_semantic_shape_queries.sn and Stage0's bootstrap/src/kernel/type/type_tagged.c. A keyword warns at the token; the contextual type name and constructor warn where the name pass meets them in a type or constructor position, so a local named اختيار does not warn. Rewrite sources with the lexer-based tool, which changes only the renamed tokens (never strings, comments or longer identifiers) and is idempotent:

python3 tools/rename/rename_tokens.py --wave 1 path/to/sources   # بينما -> طالما
python3 tools/rename/rename_tokens.py --wave 7 path/to/sources   # the entry function -> الرئيسية
python3 tools/rename/rename_tokens.py --wave 2 path/to/sources   # اختيار -> اختياري, اختيار.بعض -> اختياري.موجود
python3 tools/rename/rename_tokens.py --wave 3 path/to/sources   # غير_موقع -> طبيعي, غN -> طN
python3 tools/rename/rename_tokens.py --wave 3 --segments path/to/sources   # أصغر_غير_موقع -> أصغر_طبيعي
python3 tools/rename/rename_tokens.py --wave 1 --check path/to/sources   # counts what is left

Names built on the unsigned types follow them (--segments): the segment غير_موقع becomes طبيعي (أصغر_طبيعي, طبيعي_إلى_نص, عدد_صحيح_طبيعي), the feminine adjective غير_موقعة becomes طبيعية (قيمة_حجة_رسالة.طبيعية, قيمة_طبيعية_عشرية_ويب), لغير_موقع becomes لطبيعي (سالب_لطبيعي), and a width segment غ8…غ64 becomes ط8…ط64 (ألحق_ط32_كوف, اقرأ_ط16_صغير). Every other use of the word غير is unchanged. A public std name keeps its old name as an alias (عام مرادف أصغر_غير_موقع = أصغر_طبيعي;, عام مرادف خطأ_تحليل_عدد.سالب_لغير_موقع = خطأ_تحليل_عدد.سالب_لطبيعي;); the pass leaves that alias table alone.

Compiler terms#

Compiler terminology names the exact concept rather than translating an ambiguous English word mechanically. Terms such as target, object, load and store carry enough context to distinguish compilation targets, object files, module loading and memory operations.

Verbs used in std names#

Names follow a verb dictionary: أنشئ creates, اقرأ reads, اضبط sets, أزل removes an item (a prefix, a variable), امسح clears, احذف deletes files, هل_… asks a question, حلل parses, حول_…_إلى_… converts, ابدأ starts, خذ takes a value out of its owner (Rust's Option::take), تفقد polls without waiting, اقفل and افتح_قفل lock and unlock, حاول_… is the non-waiting attempt, نفذ runs something, انتظر / أيقظ / نبه wait, wake and notify, أرسل / استقبل send and receive, أسقط drops an end, استنسخ clones and نسق formats.

Errors and locales (std.error)#

std.error (Errors) names are Arabic, with English aliases (مرادف). The boolean خطأ / false and the result variants نتيجة.نجح / نتيجة.خطأ keep their names.

Error values#

ملاحظة: and بسبب: are the fixed connector words of صف_فشل, which renders in Arabic only.

Languages and locales#

Text direction (std.text.bidi)#

std vocabulary by area#

The tables below list the public names of std with their English aliases. A blank module cell continues the module above it.

Files and paths (std.fs)#

| std.fs.lock | file_lock / file_lock_shared | اقفل_الملف / اقفل_الملف_مشتركا | Rust File::lock / lock_shared | | | file_try_lock / file_try_lock_shared | حاول_قفل_الملف / حاول_قفل_الملف_مشتركا | try_lock / try_lock_shared | | | file_unlock | افتح_قفل_الملف | unlock | | | try_lock_error (would_block, os) | خطأ_محاولة_قفل (ستحظر، نظام) | Rust TryLockError |

Environment (std.env)#

Processes (std.process)#

Streaming children

A child's standard error is أخطاء ("errors"), so it never reads as the boolean خطأ.

Networking (std.net)#

يونكس names the socket family, as تي_سي_بي names TCP.

Time (std.time)#

Numbers and math#

ملتف ("wrapped around") names modular arithmetic, متحقق ("checked") an operation that answers اختياري.لا_شيء on overflow and مشبع ("saturated") one that clamps at the type's bounds, as std.math.integer names its checked and saturating functions (جمع_طبيعي_متحقق, جمع_طبيعي_مشبع). The type comes between the operation and the kind: جمع_ط32_ملتف. A shift is feminine (إزاحة), so its adjective is ملتفة.

T is the type's own spelling (ص8…ص64, ط8…ط64, عدد, طبيعي) in Arabic and i8…u64, int, uint in English.

Collections (std.collections and vector primitives)#

Text and floats (std.text)#

Formatting (std.fmt)#

The verb is نسق ("arrange, format"): نسق formats, نسق_في formats into a formatter, اكتب_منسقا writes formatted text to a writer and اطبع_…_منسقا prints it; the formatter is منسق (the one who formats) and its spec مواصفة. احش (pad) fills to a width, as the fill character is الحشو. The package is المكتبة.تنسيق (std.fmt). See Formatting.

Compression, checksums and hashes#

Format names are transliterated as std already writes جي_زيب (gzip) and تي_إل_إس (TLS): زد_ستد (zstd), إكس_زد (xz), إل_زد_إم_إيه (LZMA), إتش_باك (HPACK); HTTP/2 is ويب2 beside HTTP/1's ويب1. Compression uses the verbs of std.compression.gzip: اضغط (compress) and فك_ضغط (decompress).

TLS and HTTP#

Threads and synchronization (std.sync, std.os.wait_address)#

The type names are nouns: مشترك ("shared": Rust's Arc), قفل ("lock": Mutex), قفل_قراءة_كتابة (RwLock), شرط_انتظار ("wait condition": Condvar), مرة ("once"), خلية_مرة ("once cell": OnceLock), قناة ("channel"), مرسل / مستلم ("sender" / "receiver"; مستقبل already names the futex in the system-call tables). The verbs are the dictionary's: أنشئ, استنسخ (clone), اقرأ (read through), نفذ (run something), حاول (try), انتظر / أيقظ / نبه (wait / wake / notify), أرسل / استقبل, أسقط (drop an end), اضبط (set).

Error converters#

See also#

• Errors: std.error in detail.
• Formatting: std.fmt in detail.
• Concurrency: the sync and thread vocabulary in use.
• Type system: numeric casts and float operations.